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A pond is described as a self-sustaining ecosystem because:
1. All organisms in the pond rely only on dissolved inorganic substances for nutrition.
2. Energy circulates indefinitely within the pond without any loss as heat.
3. It contains producers, consumers, and decomposers that continuously recycle matter.
4. Autotrophs and decomposers do not depend on any abiotic factors.
Subtopic:  ECOSYSTEM – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION |
 84%
Level 1: 80%+
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Which scenario best demonstrates the ecological significance of stratification?
1. Different species occupy distinct vertical layers, reducing direct competition for light and space.
2. All plant species grow at the same height to maximise total ecosystem productivity.
3. Trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses compete for identical resources within a single vertical layer.
4. Vertical layers are formed only in aquatic ecosystems and never in terrestrial ones.
Subtopic:  ECOSYSTEM – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION |
 73%
Level 2: 60%+
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Which of the following best describes the flow of energy within an ecosystem?
1. Energy flows in multiple directions between all trophic levels.
2. Energy is cyclic, with decomposers returning it to autotrophs.
3. Energy is only transferred between autotrophs and primary consumers, excluding other trophic levels.
4. Energy flow is unidirectional, moving from autotrophs to heterotrophs and eventually dissipating as heat.
Subtopic:  ECOSYSTEM – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION |
 89%
Level 1: 80%+
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